Topic Selection in Research Topic Selection is the first and most important step in any research project. It shapes your study, shows your interest, and highlights whether your work adds new value. Why Topic Selection Matters A clear topic proves that your study has focus and importance. If the topic is too broad or already well covered, it reduces the strength of your research. Key Steps in Topic Selection What Reviewers Look For in Topic…
Mann – Whitney U Test in SPSS Mann-Whitney U test is used to compare the means of two groups. Mann-Whitney U test is the nonparametric equivalent of the independent sample t-test. While the t-test makes an assumption about the distribution of a population, Mann‑Whitney U Test does not make such assumption. u test in SPSS Mann-Whitney U test have the following hypotheses: Null hypothesis: The two populations are equal. Alternative hypothesis: The two populations are…
Paired – Samples T Test in SPSS Paired‑Samples T Test compares the means of two measurements taken from the same individual, object, or related units. Paired‑Samples T Test has the following hypotheses: Null hypothesis: The mean of the paired differences is equal to zero. Alternative hypothesis: The mean of the paired differences is not equal to zero. Assumption 1. Variable should be continuous. 2. Observations should be independent. 3. Dependent variable should be approximately normal. 4. Outliers…
